While large metros undoubtedly benefit from economies of scale through shared infrastructure, concentrated talent, and dense markets, they also face diseconomies arising from congestion, soaring land costs, and overstretched services, note NITI Aayog’s Anna Roy and Arunava Dey.
India is urbanising at an unprecedented pace, with 480 million people living in cities in 2020, making it the world’s second-largest urban system. By 2050, it is expected to reach 951 million, i.e. 50% of the population. Cities are also major growth drivers, accounting for 60% of the national GDP, projected to rise to 75% by 2050. Yet behind this promising narrative lies a stark imbalance, as the story of urban progress is being written in the language of metros.
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